Assumes that covalent bonds are formed when atomic orbitals on different atoms overlap and the electrons are shared.
Valence Electrons
Outermost electrons of atoms; usually those involved in bonding.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
Assumes that electron pairs are arranged around the central element of a molecule or polyatomic ion so that there is maximum separation (and minimum repulsion) among regions of high electron density.
van der Waals' Equation
An equation of state that extends the ideal gas law to real gases by inclusion of two empirically determined parameters, which are different for different gases.
Vapor
A gas formed by boiling or evaporating a liquid.
Vapor Pressure
The particle pressure of a vapor at the surface of its parent liquid.
Voltage
Potential difference between two electrodes; a measure of the chemical potential for a redox reaction to occur.
Voltaic Cells
Electrochemical cells in which spontaneous chemical reactions produce electricity; also called galvanic cells.
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